Use of remote sensing and reference site measurements to estimate instantaneous surface energy balance components over a semiarid rangeland watershed

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Abstract
A primary motivation for using remotely sensed data to estimate components of the surface energy balance is to quantify surface energy fluxes in a spatially distributed manner over various spatial scales. However, all models which utilize remotely sensed data to estimate surface fluxes also require input variables and parameters which cannot be estimated on a spatially distributed basis with remotely sensed data. In this analysis, data from the Monsoon '90 experiment were used to evaluate the limitations in spatially extending a relatively simple energy balance model with remotely sensed data over a semiarid rangeland watershed. Using one ground‐based meteorological and flux station as a reference site, aircraft‐based remotely sensed data (surface temperatures and reflectances) were used to compute energy balance components for seven other locations within the watershed. The results indicated that for clear sky conditions, all components of the surface energy balance could be estimated to within approximately the same level of uncertainty with which the fluxes were measured with ground‐based flux instrumentation. However, under partly cloudy conditions the variability in incoming solar radiation across the watershed significantly degraded the estimation of distributed values of net radiation (Rnet). If ground‐based estimates of incoming solar radiation are used to calculate Rnet from remotely sensed data, then the spatial extent over which that measurement is valid limits the area over which accurate spatially distributed values of Rnet can be estimated. Additionally, the results of sensitivity analyses indicate that the level of uncertainty to which the roughness length for momentum, or z0m, is typically known for spatially distributed values in an area of naturally variable vegetation can give rise to significant uncertainties in the estimation of sensible heat flux. For areas where the spatial variation in roughness parameters is of the order of several centimeters, the error associated with assuming constant values for the roughness length for momentum is similar in size to the errors associated with temperature variations of the order of several degrees. In order to utilize radiometric temperatures to reliably estimate spatially distributed values of sensible heat flux, techniques such as those explored by Menenti and Ritchie (this issue) are needed to provide spatially distributed information on surface roughness parameters.