Field effects of platform discharges on benthic macrofauna

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Abstract
Although there were originally no statutory obligations for North Sea oilfield developers to monitor the environmental impact of their activities, many companies undertook such studies voluntarily. The central and northern North Sea is principally a level-bottom habitat and can be broadly considered as being dominated by variations of the classicalAmphiurabenthic community. Early approaches to monitoring studies involved the use of grids of sampling stations extending several kilometres in every direction from the proposed site of the installation. More recently it has been found that the major impact on the environment is from the discharge of oil-based drilling cuttings at the platforms and drilling rigs. Efforts are now concentrated closer to the installations, using transects starting as near to the source of the discharge as possible. By using community parameters such as diversity and equitability, it has been shown that the fauna responds with a dramatic drop in values of these measures close to the platform. However, in most surveys, background values are regained between 500 and 1000 m from the installation. This seems to be the case regardless of whether diesel or low toxicity oil-based drilling fluids are used. Numbers of individuals and biomass responded in a similar way at some installations using ‘low toxicity’ oil-based drilling muds but increased at others using diesel oil-base. The latter response is similar to that of areas of great organic enrichment while the drop in numbers is more indicative of disturbed or toxic conditions. The markedly patchy distribution of drilling cuttings around the production platforms calls into question the sampling strategies that have been adopted for offshore surveys in the past. The extreme variation of figures, particularly oil levels in sediments, makes it almost impossible to establish firm connections between cause and effect. The effects of the discharge of cuttings on the benthic environment has been shown to be very severe, but only in a very localized area around the installations. It is suggested that attention is now focused on the persistence of the oil in the cuttings and that future monitoring strategies should include this in their scope.