Party development in the regions: When did parties start to play a part in politics?

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Abstract
For the first five years of party development in Russia ‐ including the early post‐communist period ‐ there were no free party‐based elections. So were the numerous parties that existed across Russia by 1993 newcomers to political institutions and to policy‐making? Three case studies ‐ Astrakhan, Samara and Chelyabinsk provinces ‐demonstrate that local parties played a real part in politics between 1988 and 1993. They participated in elections and were represented in the Soviets by deputies working both individually and in factions. After the 1991 coup, the Soviets became a focus for the opposition parties, and the reformist parties found a new role for themselves within, or allied to, the new executive. The many similarities in the three case studies suggest that the national parties were playing a political role across the nation as well as in Moscow.

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