Prognostic implications of retinopathy and a high plasma von Willebrand factor concentration in type 2 diabetic subjects with microalbuminuria

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Abstract
Background. Microalbuminuria in subjects with type 2 diabetes may be heterogeneous with respect to clinical features, renal histology, and prognosis. There may be at least two types of microalbuminuria in diabetes, namely with and without generalized endothelial dysfunction. We investigated whether, among microalbuminuric subjects with type 2 diabetes, the presence of generalized endothelial dysfunction, as indicated by the presence of retinopathy or a high plasma von Willebrand factor (vWf) level, has prognostic implications. Methods. In 173 type 2 diabetic subjects of a population‐based cohort, we assessed the urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio, the plasma vWf level, and the presence of retinopathy. The main outcome was cardiovascular mortality. Results. The absolute difference in 7 years' cardiovascular mortality between microalbuminuric (albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio 2.0–30.0 mg/mmol) and normoalbuminuric subjects was higher in the presence as compared to the absence of retinopathy (55.6 vs 11.1%). The age‐ and sex‐adjusted relative risk (95% confidence interval) of cardiovascular mortality, as compared to normoalbuminuric subjects without retinopathy, was 1.1 (0.1–9.2) for normoalbuminuric subjects with retinopathy, 1.8 (0.5–6.7) for microalbuminuric subjects without retinopathy, and 9.8 (3.1–30.9) for microalbuminuric subjects with retinopathy. The absolute difference in risk of 7 years’ cardiovascular mortality between microalbuminuric and normoalbuminuric subjects was higher in the presence as compared to the absence of a high (>1.89 IU/ml) vWf level (49.8 vs 16.4%). The age‐ and sex‐adjusted relative risk of cardiovascular mortality, as compared to normoalbuminuric subjects without a high vWf level, was 1.5 (0.4–5.5) for normoalbuminuric subjects with a high vWf level, 2.6 (0.7–9.6) for microalbuminuric subjects without a high vWf level, and 12.0 (2.9–49.5) for microalbuminuric subjects with a high vWf level. These differences in risk of cardiovascular mortality did not change materially after further adjustment for known duration of diabetes, hypertension, creatinine clearance, level of glycated haemoglobin and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and presence of cardiovascular disease. Analysis of all‐cause instead of cardiovascular mortality showed a similar difference in risk of mortality between microalbuminuric subjects with or without retinopathy or a high vWf level. Conclusions. Among type 2 diabetic subjects with microalbuminuria, the presence of retinopathy or a high plasma vWf level affects the risk of cardiovascular death. Although larger studies are necessary, these findings support the concept that microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes can occur in the absence or the presence of generalized endothelial dysfunction, and that the latter is a much more ‘malignant’ condition than the former.