Genetic analysis of Treponema denticola ATCC 35405 biofilm formation

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Abstract
Treponema denticola is a major aetiological organism implicated in periodontal disease. The interaction of T. denticola with other oral bacteria, in particular Porphyromonas gingivalis, in biofilm formation is thought to be an important step in the onset of periodontal disease. The interaction between T. denticola and P. gingivalis has been examined using a panel of T. denticola mutants and their effects on mixed biofilm formation tested in a static biofilm model. T. denticola ATCC 35405 did not form detectable biofilms on various inert surfaces. However, the spirochaete was demonstrated to form a biofilm with preattached P. gingivalis 381. T. denticola cfpA, which lacks the cytoplasmic filament, was unable to produce a mixed biofilm with P. gingivalis. A T. denticola flgE mutant which lacks the flagella hook protein and is therefore non-motile displayed a reduced, but readily detectable, ability to form a mixed biofilm as did the T. denticola mutant which does not possess the major outer sheath protein (Msp). The T. denticola lrrA mutant was only moderately defective in forming mixed biofilms with P. gingivalis. However, the T. denticola methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein (DmcA) did not appear to play a major role in mixed biofilm formation. In contrast, T. denticola lacking the PrtP protein for prolyl-phenylalanine-specific protease, showed an increased ability to form mixed biofilms and a prolonged viability in the biofilm.