The Conversion of Vitamin K Epoxide to Vitamin K Quinone and Vitamin K Quinone to Vitamin K Hydroquinone Uses the Same Active Site Cysteines

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Abstract
Vitamin K epoxide (or oxido) reductase (VKOR) is the target of warfarin and provides vitamin K hydroquinone for the carboxylation of select glutamic acid residues of the vitamin K-dependent proteins which are important for coagulation, signaling, and bone metabolism. It has been known for at least 20 years that cysteines are required for VKOR function. To investigate their importance, we mutated each of the seven cysteines in VKOR. In addition, we made VKOR with both C43 and C51 mutated to alanine (C43A/C51A), as well as a VKOR with residues C43−C51 deleted. Each mutated enzyme was purified and characterized. We report here that C132 and C135 of the CXXC motif are essential for both the conversion of vitamin K epoxide to vitamin K and the conversion of vitamin K to vitamin K hydroquinone. Surprisingly, conserved cysteines, 43 and 51, appear not to be important for either reaction. For the in vitro reaction driven by dithiothreitol, the 43−51 deletion mutation retained 85% and C43A/C51A 112% of the wild-type activity. The facile purification of the nine different mutations reported here illustrates the ease and reproducibility of VKOR purification by the method reported in our recent publication [Chu, P.-H., Huang, T.-Y., Williams, J., and Stafford, D. W. (2006) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A.103, 19308−19313].