Complementary modalities for financing development in Africa

Abstract
The previous chapters have shown that domestic and external debt are on the rise in Africa and that ensuring debt sustainability will pose a limit to further increases in debt. With dwindling traditional financing, the question arises as to how the increasing financing needs of the continent can be met. There is a wide range of complementary modalities of development finance that tap and leverage existing resources. These modalities range from public–private partnerships, sovereign wealth funds, remittances and diaspora bonds, GDP-indexed bonds and climate-related funds to the use of new special drawing rights allocations and international reserves, and policies stemming illicit financial flows.
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