The Role of Structural Factors in Limiting Women's Institutional Participation

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Abstract
The values and beliefs that we hold as a nation have created social structures and institutions whose norms and rules create barriers to women's full and equal participation. Until recently it was generally agreed that it was up to the individual woman to deal with these barriers and find personal solutions to the often conflicting demands posed by these institutions. Increasingly these barriers are being viewed as a societal problem, and societal solutions in the form of changes in institutions are being advocated. The economic and counternormative nature of such changes makes their realization problematic. Recent legal, political, and psychological forces are contributing to a climate for change.

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