BRCA1 Promoter Methylation in Sporadic Breast Cancer Is Associated with Reduced BRCA1 Copy Number and Chromosome 17 Aneusomy

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Abstract
To explore the molecular mechanisms for the similarities between inherited and noninherited forms of breast cancer, we tested the hypothesis that inactivation of BRCA1 by promoter hypermethylation is associated with reduced gene copy number and chromosome 17 aneusomy as observed in tumors from BRCA1 mutation carriers. Using a combination of methylation-specific PCR analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization, we observed varying degrees of promoter methylation in 39 of 131 (29.8%) primary tumors. Despite significant tumor heterogeneity, mean copy numbers of BRCA1 and CEP17 per cell were lower in methylated cases compared with unmethylated cases [1.78 versus 2.30 (P = 0.001) and 1.85 versus 2.29 (P = 0.005), respectively]. Methylation was more frequently observed in younger women (P = 0.05) with high-grade (P = 0.001), estrogen receptor–negative (P = 0.04), and progesterone receptor–negative (P = 0.01) tumors. Moreover, methylation was associated with reduced or absent BRCA1 transcripts, which was reversible in the heavily BRCA1-methylated cell line UACC3199 following treatment with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine and trichostatin A. We identified five CpGs at positions −533, −355, −173, −21, and +44 as critical in the reexpression of BRCA1. We conclude that BRCA1 methylation contributes to a subset of sporadic breast cancers with the resulting molecular and clinicopathologic phenotype similar to that of hereditary BRCA1-associated breast cancers. Our data support a model of carcinogenesis in which BRCA1 promoter methylation may serve as a “first hit,” much like an inherited germ line mutation, and promote tumor progression down a restricted set of molecular pathways.