Continuous, Real-Time, Noninvasive Monitor of Blood Pressure: Peňaz Methodology Applied to the Finger

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Abstract
The finger blood pressure monitor measures blood pressure continuously and noninvasively by means of a technique described by J. Penaz. The size of the artery is measured when its internal pressure (arterial pressure) equals the external pressure. (At this point, transmural pressure equals zero and the arterial wall is said to be "unloaded.") This unloaded condition is maintained by continuous, automatic adjustments of external pressure on the artery, adjustments that are made simultaneously with and parallel to intraarterial pressure variations. The external pressure then constantly equals internal pressure (arterial blood pressure) and is reported by the monitor as values for systolic, mean, and diastolic pressure. A finger cuff with a built-in light source and detector is used to measure finger artery size, and an inflatable bladder is used to apply the external pressure to the artery. The monitor is microprocessor based; algorithms determine the unloaded artery size approximately every minute and automatically correct for changes possibly induced by smooth muscle contraction or relaxation, and a high-speed electropneumatic servo control system enables automatic calibration and adjustment.