Polar Bear Denning and Cub Production in Svalbard, Norway

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Abstract
Den counts and estimates of cub production of polar bears (U. maritimus) were made in Svalbard, Norway, between 1972 and 1980. An estimated 90% of all Svalbard polar bear dens were on the islands of Kong Karls Land, Nordaustlandet, Edgeoya, and Barentsoya. The number of dens observed on Kong Karls Land increased from 29 in 1972 to 77 in 1980, probably because of an increase in the polar bear population after hunting ceased in 1973. Denning polar bear females are vulnerable to disturbances when they enter or emerge from dens. An estimated 150-175 maternity dens occurred in Svalbard early year. The Bogen Valley on Kongsoya had the highest den density (12.1 dens/km2) recorded in any Arctic region. Average litter size in 1973-1983 was 1.81 at the time of cub emergence. The calculated survivorship for cubs between 3 mo. and 20 mo. was 0.48. High cub mortality in Svalbard may be caused by unfavorable ice conditions or by cannibalism because large males have become more abundant.

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