Removal and Inactivation of Viruses by Treatment Processes for Potable Water and Wastewater – A Review

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Abstract
A review of the fate on enteric viruses and phages through each major unit process used in wastewater and potable water treatment is given. Starting out with raw sewage, optimized conventional tertiary wastewater treatment with one hour contact and free chlorine residuals can be expected to remove 5-7 logs of viruses leaving <1 infectious unit/1000 liters. However, because engineered systems are not fail safe, prudent public health engineering, planning and design suggest limited direct exposure to reclaimed wastewater. Dilution, indirect reuse, or additional treatment are the suggested approaches until more research is conducted. Only under the special circumstances should direct reuse be proposed.

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