Synthesis of new second-order nonlinear optical chromophores: implementing lessons learned from theory and experiment

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Abstract
Studies on the influence of chromophore geometry on electro- optic coefficient/loading density and poling efficiency reveal that chromophore optical loading density is largely defined by the shape of the center of chromophore, and bulky groups at the end of chromophore is not preferable for most efficient poling of chromophore dipole. An EO coefficient of 122 pm/V at 1.06 micrometers has been achieved as a result of the systematic chromophore geometry optimization. Even high EO coefficients are expected to realized in the near future. Practical Mach-Zehnder modulators have been fabricated using CLD-1/APC material and have shown good dynamic thermal stability (120 degree(s)C), low optical loss (1.67db?cm at 1.55 micrometers ), low modulation voltage (2.4 volt, 2cm modulation length), and high extinction ratio (26dB).

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