Illicit drugs and driving: a review of epidemiological, behavioural and psychological correlates

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Abstract
Large numbers of individuals use illicit drugs (e.g. cannabis, heroin, cocaine). The number of people driving vehicles has also increased. There is an increasing overlap between populations of illicit drug users and drivers. This paper describes the magnitude and nature of an illicit drugs and driving problem. The relationship between the consumption of illicit substances and driving skills, accident involvement and driving behaviour are examined using epidemiological data, injury and fatality statistics, empirical/behavioural evidence and survey research. Problems for the interpretation of such data are identified, and a number of questions remain unanswered for characterizing the magnitude and nature of the problem. Measures designed to counter the drugs and driving issue (e.g. secondary enforcement) are discussed. Proposals are made for further countermeasures based on current evidence.