Mammalian embryonic development – insights from studies on the X chromosome

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Abstract
This paper reviews our early studies on the cycle of changes of X chromosome activity in different lineages of the developing female mouse embryo. The emphasis is placed on the insights gained into key developmental processes such as the temporal and spatial aspects of developmental totipotency, the timing and cell numbers involved in the origin of the germ line, the molecular mechanisms of genetic deprogramming, reprogramming and X chromosome imprinting, and transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. When viewed in this way, it is quite remarkable to see how much was learned about mammalian development from early studies on the X chromosome. Indeed several paradigm shifts occurred as a result of these studies and these are highlighted in this review.