5‐Azacytidine‐induced tumorous transformation and DNA hypomethylation in Nicotiana tissue cultures

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Abstract
The phenomenon of habituotion is considered in plant tissue cultures to be a real process of chemical tumorogenesis: the cultures acquire the capacity of autonomous growth in a hormone‐free medium under the influence of a variety of chemical and physical agents. Treatments with 5‐azacytidine (AzaC) of in vitro cultured cells of the Nicotiana glauca × N. langsdorffii nontumorous hybrid (NNT)during the culture cycle led to the induction of a habituated phenotype. The repetitive DNA sequences showed a significant lower level of endogenous methylation in the treated cells in comparison with the normal ones. It is worth noting that it was impossible until now to habituate this strain by conventional methods and that the treatments were effective only in the first 5 days of subculturing; various evidence (cytological and biochemical) pointed out a phenomenon of DNA amplification, occurring in the same period. Moreover, analysis of DNA from control and treated cells shows the induction of variations in the endogenous methylation pattern by AzaC in a critical period of cell culture. These results suggest that demethylation can act as a switch from hormone‐dependent to autonomous proliferation by activation of genes coding for or regulating the synthesis of growth factors.