The interferon‐stimulable response elements of two human genes detect overlapping sets of transcription factors

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Abstract
We have previously reported three types of DNA-protein complexes, formed specifically with the interferon-stimulable response elements (ISRE) in the 5' flanking DNA of the interferon-inducible 6-16 and 9-27 genes, a type-I interferon-inducible early complex involving factor E (ISGF3), M and G complexes induced more slowly in response to type-I and type-II interferons, respectively and C1/C2, a constitutive complex(s). Similar complexes have been reported by others. The operationally defined band-shift complexes M, G and C1/C2 are shown here to be heterogeneous and to differ in their factor content, depending on the ISRE probe. With a 9-27 ISRE probe the M, G and C1/C2 complexes all contain the gamma subunit of ISGF3, which is present constitutively but is induced in response to IFN-alpha (to yield M) or IFN-gamma (to yield G). In contrast, a 6-16 ISRE probe forms band-shift complexes with IFN-alpha-inducible and IFN-gamma-inducible IRF1 and IRF2. With a 6-16 ISRE probe, therefore, M and G each correspond to two complexes which co-migrate in band-shift assays, one corresponding to IRF1, the other to IRF2. With this probe, the constitutive complex C1/C2 corresponds predominantly to IRF2. Consistent with this, IRF1 and IRF2 have lower affinity for the 9-27 ISRE than the 6-16 ISRE, whereas the reverse is true for E (ISGF3) and its gamma subunit. Relatively small differences in affinity appear sufficient to determine whether or not a band-shift complex is detected. In the case of IRF1 and IRF2, the different affinities for the 6-16 and 9-27 probes are dominated by a dinucleotide sequence in the centre of the 14-nucleotide 'core' ISRE. In contrast, preferential binding of E (ISGF3) by the 39-nucleotide 9-27 ISRE-containing sequence, although ISRE dependent, appears to be mediated by sequences 3' of the 'core' ISRE. Accordingly, these complexes can be simultaneously assayed using a hybrid probe consisting of the 5' flanking region and 'core' ISRE sequences from the 6-16 gene and sequences immediately 3' of the 'core' 9-27 ISRE sequence. No evidence was obtained for a modulatory role in factor binding for a pseudo-ISRE sequence close to ISRE in the 9-27 gene. The precise roles of IRF1 and IRF2 in the induction of IFN-beta and the control of interferon-inducible gene expression remain to be established.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)