Photoperiodic induction of multiple breeding seasons in captive American kestrels

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Abstract
Six out of 10 mated pairs of captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius) were induced by artificial photoperiod to undergo a successful out-of-season breeding period between two consecutive successful spring breeding periods. Light intensity had significant (r = −0.88, p < 0.05) negative effects on onset of egg laying. Eighteen of the 27 eggs produced were laid at ambient temperatures below freezing. Fertility (85.2%), hatchability of fertile eggs (47.6%), and fledging success (100%) in the winter season were all highly comparable with the two spring breeding seasons.

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