Underwater Distance Distortion within the Manual Work Space

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Abstract
An experiment was conducted to measure apparent distance of a target within arm's length above water and under water. Eight experienced divers and eight novice divers wearing facemasks indicated apparent distances by reaching responses. The viewing conditions were (1) a target and a subject in air environment, (2) a target in water but a subject in air, and (3) a target and a subject under water. Apparent distances were smaller in conditions (2) and (3) than in (1). This difference is interpreted as being due to the dissimilar convergence and accommodation requirements in the various conditions. There was little difference between the experienced and novice divers.

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