The pupillary light reflex in normal and innate microstrabismic cats, II: Retinal and cortical input to the nucleus praetectalis olivaris

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Abstract
The anatomical substrate of the pupillary light reflex was investigated in normal and innate microstrabismic cats using anatomical methods as well as electrical stimulation. The bilateral retinal input to the nucleus praetectalis olivaris (NPO), the pretectal relay station in the subcortical pupilloconstrictor pathway, was identified to come from the ventral retina where the upper visual field is represented. Orthodromic electrical stimulation revealed that retinal information is transmitted to on-tonic neurons in the NPO mainly via slowly conducting axons probably originating from W- and X-type retinal ganglion cells.For the first time, a direct cortical input to on-tonic neurons in the NPO could be demonstrated. This cortical input originates from caudolateral parts of the occipital cortex. Putative input structures are those subdivisions of areas 19 and 20a where the upper part of the visual field is represented.A direct, predominantly contralateral projection with a weak ipsilateral component from NPO to the nucleus of Edinger-Westphal, and an interhemispheric connection between the NPOs could be demonstrated. With respect to the anatomical connections as described in this study, no differences between normal and innate microstrabismic cats could be found.The results are discussed with respect to the binocular summation of the pupillary light reflex and its reduction in subjects with impaired binocular vision.