Abstract
Existing two-dimensional definitions of characteristic imped- ance can result in a wide range of values for the characteristic impedance of a given transmission line in inhomogeneous me- dia. This paper suggests a three-dimensional definition, the "TEM Equivalent" characteristic impedance, which is unique for any given transmission line geometry and is appropriate for use in circuit theory applications. Comparisons with two-di- mensional results and comparisons with measurements are pre- sented. The TEM equivalent characteristic impedance rdso shows a non-monotonic dispersion which is not seen in the usu- al two-dimensional definitions but is seen in experimentally.

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