Experimental confirmation of superposition from small-scale explosions

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Abstract
An in situ experimental program in alluvium is implemented and analyzed to test linear superposition. After separating stochastic and deterministic propagation path effects, direct superposition is experimentally validated at 20 m for two 5-lb charges spaced as close as 2 m in alluvium. The charges are separated by the scaled range of 147 m/kt1/3 and observed at the scaled range of 1470 m/kt1/3. Finite-spatial source effects are observed and simulated in the plane passing through two charges separated by 2 to 10 m. The deterministic single-burst waveforms are used to model the multiple-burst data. The effects observed and simulated include direct superposition below the corner frequency, shift to lower corner frequency with increasing charge separation, and spectral scalloping. For charges closely spaced (up to 4 m, observed at 20 and 24 m), the primary effect on the waveform is replicated by a constant delay time between two identical waveforms. For charges spaced by 10 m (observed at 20 and 30 m), the effects of propagation path differences must be included. These effects result in smoothed spectra.

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