Ultrastructural analysis of the development and maturation of synapses and subsynaptic structures in the ectostriatum of the zebra finch

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Abstract
The development of synapses and subsynaptic features in the neuropil of the ectostriatum, a visual projection area in birds, was examined ultrastructurally at 5, 10, 20, and 100 days posthatching. The maturation of the synaptic complex is accompanied by a variety of different dynamic processes. The number of synapses in ectostriatum and the number of specific synaptic types vary with age as does the constellation of subsynaptic structures. At day 5, before eye opening, the total number of synapses is 16% of the adult value. These synapses, unlike synapses seen at maturity, have indistinct synaptic contact zones and generally are associated with few synaptic vesicles. Synapse number increases continuously until 20 days of age, paralleled by a steady increase of the observed brain volume. The largest increase in synapse number takes place during the time of eye opening (i.e., between 5 and 10 days). This increase is mainly due to an increase of asymmetric synapses, the most common type in the neuropil of ectostriatum (90% of the synapse population). At day 20 the number of synapses has reached its maximum and remains high in adulthood. Synapses on spines are more prominent in younger animals than in adults. The percentage of presynaptic terminals involved in synaptic contact with more than one postsynaptic element (multiple synapses) shows a significant reduction from 12% to 4% early in development (between days 10 and 20). Presynaptic terminal size and postsynaptic density (PSD) length increase until 20 days of age. From day 20 to adulthood the PSD shows a 10% reduction in contact length, and the presynaptic terminal further increases in size by 27%. Therefore, the pre- and postsynaptic structures described above continue to develop after the number of synapses remains constant.