Possibilities and Limits of Synthetic Aperture Radar for Snow and Glacier Surveying

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Abstract
The physical background for the interpretation of microwave measurements on snow and ice is summarized. The angular and spectral behaviour of backscattering is shown for various snow types based on measurements carried out in the Swiss Alps. The information content of SAR images in regard to snow and glacier applications is discussed, and examples are shown for Seasat SAR and airborne SAR images. The preliminary specifications are given for an optimum SAR system for snow and glacier monitoring. The main advantage of SAR is due to its weather independence; for special applications the SAR information on the physical state of snow and ice may be of interest. Future SAR sensors can become important components in a snow and glacier monitoring system, but in order to fulfil all tasks, high-resolution optical sensors and improved passive microwave sensors will also be required.

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