Biofilms, microbial mats and microbe‐particle interactions: electron microscope observations from diatomaceous sediments

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Abstract
Sediments and diatoms from the mudflats of the Bay of Bourgneuf in western France were examined in an electron microscope study of biofilms and microbial mats. The sediments were kept in an aquarium for study and a diatom culture was made of the benthic diatoms. The sediment biofilm was composed of exopolymeric substances (EPS), incorporated clay particles and, rarely, bacteria. This film coated all particles at the sediment‐water interface. Its surface morphology reflected its composition and internal structure. Thin films were smooth, whilst a lumpy structure or incorporated fibrils produced either a mammillated or ropy surface, and clays in the structure gave rise to a flaky morphology. At shallow depths in the sediment column (0.5 cm) the biofilm was already degraded. The biofilm coating degraded diatom frustules in the benthic diatom culture consisted of EPS and bacteria and presented a ragged appearance.Microbial mats occurred on the surface of the fresh littoral sediments as well as those in the aquarium, and on the wall of the aquarium. The mat on the surface of the aquarium sediments had an open structure with webs of fibrils and bacteria in the pore space. It formed in a relatively quiet environment. Pore space was more limited in the mat from the surface of the fresh littoral sediments, in which direct contact between biofilm coated particles was common. In the exposed environment of the aquarium wall there was a thick, resistant coating of EPS.In addition to binding particles together, the presence of mats and biofilms in sediments affects sediment physical properties such as porosity and permeability, the flux of dissolved substances in pore waters and the dissolution of particles and can, therefore, influence early diagenesis. Mats and biofilms seem to be more readily preserved in the geological record than the micro‐organisms, such as bacteria, which produce them. Their identification in the sedimentary record would greatly aid interpretation of sediment genesis and evaluation of the microbial role in sediment formation.