Treatment Methods for the Removal of Off-Flavours from Heavily Polluted River Water in the Netherlands – A Review

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Abstract
In The Netherlands the raw water, obtained from the heavily polluted river Rhine, has off-flavours which must be removed by using sophisticated and expensive treatment methods to be acceptable for drinking. One method consists of storage of river water in open bankside reservoirs with residence time of a few months followed by physical-chemical treatment involving coagulation, ozonation, rapid sand filtration, activated carbon filtration and disinfection. Another method used consists of pretreatment of river water by means of coagulation and rapid sand filtration followed by underground storage in the dune areas along the North Sea coast by means of artificial recharge. The water after the recharge is treated by using aeration, dosing of powdered activated carbon, rapid sand filtration and slow sand filtration. The most effective treatment processes for improvement of taste and odour are ozonation and activated carbon filtration.

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