Operative Nephroscopy

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Abstract
Renal endoscopy has been made possible, practical and safe by technical advances in instrumentation. Operative nephroscopy has become a uniquely valuable adjunct to stone operations, especially for caliceal calculi, but does not permit the surgeon to dispense with operative X-rays. It has also aided in the management of intrarenal hematuria and of low grade tumors of the renal collecting system. The rigid right-angled nephroscope in use today should be referred to as the Leadbetter nephroscope in recognition of that pioneer''s original conception for its design.