Low-energy helium nozzle beam

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Abstract
A high‐intensity supersonic nozzle beam source is described, whose beam energy can be varied between 2 and 170 meV (helium). Experimental performance and time‐of‐flight measurements on cold helium beams are reported. Condensation in the free jet expansions of helium has been studied by mass spectrometric detection of He+2. A correlation between the maximum speed ratio and the onset of clustering is observed.