Shifting relationships between photoreceptors and pigment epithelial cells in monkey retina: Implications for the development of retinal topography

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Abstract
This study examines the spatiotemporal relationships between retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptors (PR) during development ofMacaca nemestrinaretina. Our aim was to learn more about the developmental dynamics of these two important cell populations, particularly whether developmental changes in RPE cell densities mimic those of PR at selected retinal points. Twelve eyes ranging in age from 100 fetal days (Fd) to adulthood were flatmounted; the retinal perimeters were traced; and then sample punches were taken of the RPE and neural retina at the fovea, optic disc, mid- and far-nasal periphery, and far temporal, inferior and superior periphery. The two tissues were gently separated and the RPE cells and photoreceptors from the same region of the punch were counted using Nomarski contrast interference optics. We found that the total number of cones remains stable around 4 million between Fd100 and adulthood, but RPE number increases from 1.6 million at Fd100 to 2.56 million in adulthood. At the fovea, the core:RPE ratio increases from 5.4:1 at Fd100 to 28:1 by adulthood. In the temporal periphery by contrast, the cone:RPE ratio declines from 2.2:1 at Fd100–110 to less than 1:1 in the adult. In the vicinity of the optic disc, the ratio of (cones + rods): RPE remains around 35:1 throughout development, but in the retinal periphery it decreases to the adult value of 22:1. These changing ratios indicate that photoreceptors and RPE cells are redistributed independently during development, and that these two cellular sheets slide over one another to achieve their final distribution. This situation suggests that the forces or factors causing foveation are intrinsic to the neural retina.