Effects of L-leucine on the insulin production, oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial ultrastructure of isolated mouse pancreatic islets in tissue culture

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Abstract
This study was performed to evaluate whether L-leucine is able to relieve the structural and functional alterations previously described in pancreatic islets exposed in vitro for a prolonged time to a subnormal glucose concentration (3.3 mM). It was found that both the impairment of secretion and the decreased rate of biosynthesis of insulin characteristic, of islets cultured for one week in 3.3 mM glucose were prevented by adding 15 mM L-leucine to the culture medium. Furthermore, the rates of tritiated water production and glucose or leucine oxidation were significantly enhanced after culture in the presence of L-leucine. The rate of DNA synthesis as estimated by the incorporation of tritiated thymidine was, however, unchanged by the presence of L-leucine in the culture medium. Leucine cultured islet cells displayed ultrastructural signs of high functional activity. A detailed morphometric examination revealed fewer but hypertrophic mitochondria. The present results suggest that L-leucine can replace glucose in several respects as a long-term stimulus of the pancreatic B-cells, possibly by acting as a metabolic substrate.