Evidence for intact CD28 signaling in T cell hyporesponsiveness induced by the HIV‐1 nef gene

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Abstract
Infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐1 is associated with quantitative and qualitative T cell alterations that severely impair the host's immune defense system. The molecular basis for this immunosuppression remains unclear. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from patients show markedly decreased interleukin (IL)‐2 secretion but unaffected or even increased T helper (Th)2 cytokine production. T cell functional defects were recently reported to correlate more with T cell receptor (TcR) signaling, whereas signals provided by ligation of co‐receptors CD27 and CD28 appeared to be preserved. Among the various mechanisms proposed to be involved in HIV‐1‐induced T cell dysfunction, we and others have reported that the nef gene product exhibited significant immunosuppressive activity. By using an inducible stably integrated nef gene, we demonstrated that Nef specifically down‐regulated IL‐2 and interferon (IFN)‐γ produced upon TcR triggering. Here, using the same experimental system, we extended our initial observations to additional mitogenic signals, and investigated the co‐stimulatory function of CD28. Nef down‐regulated IL‐2, but not IL‐4 produced upon induction by combinations of mitogens that mimicked TcR signals together with CD28 mAb or CD28's natural ligand (CD80 and CD86). However, the co‐signals provided by CD28 to up‐regulate IL‐2 induction were unaffected by Nef, since IL‐2 produced by nef‐transfected cells was proportionally enhanced to the same extent as that of control cells, either upon stimulation by the CD28 mAb or CD80 and CD86. In addition, phosphatidylinositol‐3 kinase recruitement induced upon CD28 triggering was also found to be unaltered by nef expression. Together with the observation that similar levels of the Nef protein were detected in nef‐transfected cells and upon infection of PBMC, these data suggest a selective immunosuppression induced by nef in human T cells by altering TcR signaling without detectable impact on CD28 co‐receptor function. These data agree with the T cell defects observed in PBMC isolated from HIV‐infected individuals.