Paediatric laparoscopic surgery

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Abstract
Laparoscopic procedures in paediatric urology are gaining popularity, with an increasing number of centres performing advanced surgery. Indications have expanded from diagnostic to ablative surgery and more recently to reconstructive procedures. The current status of the indications and results of different laparoscopic procedures dealing with paediatric urology are reviewed. Laparoscopic orchiopexy for intra-abdominal testis gives better results than classic open surgery procedures. Palomo modified varicocelectomy with lymphatic preservation is the optimal surgical procedure to treat varicocele in adolescents. The retroperitoneal approach to renal surgery is gaining popularity. Total and partial nephrectomies are feasible in comparable operative times with open surgery and shortened hospital stays. Dismembered pyeloplasty remains a challenging procedure limited to few centres, with excellent midterm results. Laparoscopic adrenal surgery has been extended to neuroblastoma in selected cases. Laparoscopic transvesical ureteric re-implant is now feasible, and opens a new era in bladder surgery. Finally, results of the initial experience with robot-assisted pyeloplasty are now available in children, and showed similar results with regard to the postoperative course, but shorter operative times with experience. The value of laparoscopic orchiopexy for intra-abdominal testis and ablative surgery such as total and partial nephrectomy and adrenalectomy has been confirmed. Robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery will probably popularize challenging procedures such as pyeloplasty and ureterovesical re-implant, which are still limited to a few centres. Despite an increase in the number of publications dealing with the results of laparoscopic procedures, efforts are still needed to validate the benefits of such procedures over open surgery.