Effect of flooding of soil on growth, stem anatomy, and ethylene production ofcryptomeria japonicaseedlings

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Abstract
Flooding of soil for 55 days altered the rate of growth and stem anatomy of 9‐month‐old Cryptomeria japonica seedlings. Although flooding did not affect height growth it reduced the rate of dry weight increment of seedlings while increasing stem diameter. The reduction in dry weight increment of seedlings resulted largely from decay of roots and, to a lesser extent, from inhibition of growth of roots and needles. The increased diameter growth of flooded seedlings resulted largely from an increase in bark thickness associated with increased phloem production and greater amount of intercellular space. Flooding reduced xylem increment in submerged stems but increased it above the water level because of larger tracheids rather than more tracheids per radial file. Flooding also increased lumen diameters of tracheids, decreased tracheid wall thickness (as a proportion of tracheid diameter), and stimulated formation of axial parenchyma cells in the xylem. Cryptomeria japonica seedlings adapted to flooding by forming adventitious roots, primarily on the original root system and submerged portion of the stem. Such new roots originated in the xylem ray parenchyma. Flooding stimulated ACC synthesis in roots and ethylene production in stems. The role of ethylene in alteration of stem anatomy is discussed.