Detecting Bacterial Colonization of Implanted Orthopaedic Devices by Ultrasonication

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Abstract
Glycocalyx-producing bacteria have been observed on orthopaedic devices that were removed for reasons other than infection. It has been suggested that the bacteria adhere to foreign surfaces within a biofilm and elude standard culture techniques. The authors adapted previously used ultrasonication protocols that disrupt the surface biofilm before culturing removed orthopaedic devices from patients without clinical evidence of infection. Patients having revision total joint arthroplasty of the hip or knee who lacked current or prior clinical evidence of infection were studied prospectively. During surgery, the femoral component and a corresponding control femoral implant were placed in separate sterile bags of saline. The implant and saline combination was placed in an ultrasonication bath for 30 minutes at 60 Hz. The saline solution was passed through a 0.45-μm pore filter, and the filter residue was cultured on sheep blood agar. None of the 21 implants yielded positive culture on routine microbiologic testing. However, using the ultrasonication protocol, a coagulase-negative Staphylococcus grew from one of the removed implants. Numerous total joint implant failures that are attributed to aseptic loosening may be a result of subclinical infection from bacteria within a biofilm. The current study supports the concept that biofilm-protected bacterial colonization of implants may occur without overt signs of infection and ultrasonication can be used to enhance identification of these bacteria.