The mouse lymphoma assay in the wake of ICH4where are we now?

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Abstract
The ultimate goal of short-term tests should surely be to detect the complete spectrum of heritable effects or genetic events involved in the aetiology of cancer. Thus the types of mutational events that must be detected include point mutations, deletions, translocations, rearrangements, aneuploidy and mitotic recombination/gene conversion. The mouse lymphoma assay (MLA) has been widely used for many years for determining the potential for chemicals to cause the full broad spectrum of mutational damage (Applegate et al., 1990; Mitchell et al., 1997). Substantial research has been conducted to understand the capabilities (and limitations) of the assay, its proper conduct and the appropriate interpretation of test data (Clive et al., 1979 , 1990; Hozier et al., 1981 , 1982 , 1989; Moore-Brown, 1981; Cole et al., 1983 , 1990 , 1991; Turner et al., 1984; Moore et al., 1985a,b , 1989; Blazak et al., 1986; Doerr et al., 1989; Applegate et al., 1990; Moore and Doerr, 1990; Liechty et al., 1993 , 1994 , 1996; Zhang et al., 1996; Mitchell et al., 1997; Clark et al., 1998).

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