Abstract
The representation of functions as low-degree polynomials over various ringshas provided many insights in the theory of small-depth circuits. We surveysome of the closure properties, upper bounds, and lower bounds obtained viathis approach.1. IntroductionThere is a long history of using polynomials in order to prove complexity bounds.Minsky and Papert [39] used polynomials to prove early lower bounds on the order ofperceptrons. Razborov [46] and Smolensky [49] used them to prove...

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