Pattern of follicular growth and steroidogenesis in the ovary of aging cycling rats

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Abstract
Prior to the cessation of reproductive cycles, older female rats exhibit irregular and prolonged cycles due to alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. In order to evaluate the age-related changes in the ovary, the histology, and estradiol, testosterone and progesterone concentrations within the ovaries of mature regular cycling (4–5 mo. old) and older irregular cycling (10–11 mo. old) rats were examined. At estrus, the number of non-atretic growing follicles (150–300u in diameter) was greater in the mature than in the older rats (18 ± 1.5 vs 4.5 ± 1.4). However, the number of preovulatory follices on proestrus did not differ (6.0 ± 1.2 vs 5.5 ± 0.6). Estradiol, testosterone and progesterone concentrations on proestrus in mature rats averaged. 38.8 pg, 56.1 pg, and 1.0 ng/ml of ovary, respectively. In the older proestrous rat, only estradiol was altered, increasing to 124.3 pg/mg. In addition, many of the preovulatory follicles within the aged ovary were larger (greater than 600u in diameter) than those within the mature ovary. On the day of estrus virtually all preovulatory follicles ovulated in the mature rat, whereas large follicles,  600u in diameter, remained in the older ovary. In addition, estradiol levels remained elevated and ovarian cysts were observed in the aged ovary. Thus, in the older irregular cycling rat, 1) pre-ovulatory follicles develop, but many do not ovulate; 2) these non-ovulatory follicles form ovarian cysts which remain within the ovary. The number of cysts may increase with age until a polycystic ovary develops and the rat enters a constant estrous state.