Abstract
The author compares urban reorganization over a period of three decades in New York, Paris, and London, asking why reorganization produces unanticipated consequences, how the process of reorganization can be understood, and, using cities as a type of organization, what can be learned about their behavior in comparative context. A model is presented that identifies the process and values of reorganization. This model illustrates that conflicting values often account for unanticipated consequences, that efforts to reconcile these values sometimes yield worsening (undermining) effects, and that changes in organizational structure can be a powerful tool in shaping priorities.

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