HEAT TRANSFER IN FROST AND SNOW

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Abstract
An investigation of the relative effects of conduction, water vapor diffusion and radiation in heat transfer through frost and snow is described. It was found that the heat transfer is determined by conduction and diffusion. A simple pore-model analysis of diffusion and measurements with various ice-crystal structures yields an equation for the diffusion heat transfer. Its effect on total heat flux is smaller than assumed before but can reach maximum ratios of about 35% at low densities and high temperatures.

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