A Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled, Ascending‐Dose Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetics and Tolerability of Modafinil Tablets in Healthy Male Volunteers

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Abstract
A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, ascending‐dose study was conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetic and safety profiles of increasing modafinil doses (200 mg, 400 mg, 600 mg, 800 mg) administered orally over a 7‐day period in normal healthy male volunteers. Eight subjects (six modafinil; two placebo) were randomized to each of the four dose groups. Modafinil or a placebo was administered once daily for 7 days. Serial blood samples were obtained following administration of the day 1 and day 7 doses for characterization of pharmacokinetics, and trough samples were obtained prior to dosing on days 2 through 6 to assess the time to reach the steady state. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using noncompartmental methods. Modafinil steady state was reached after three daily doses. Modafinil pharmacokinetics were dose and time independent over the range of 200 mg to 800 mg. Steady‐state pharmacokinetics of modafinil were characterized by a rapid oral absorption rate, a low plasma clearance of ∼50 mL/min, a volume of distribution of ∼0.8 L/kg, and a long half‐life of ∼15 hr. Modafinil was primarily eliminated by metabolism. Modafinil acid was the major urinary metabolite. Stereospecific pharmacokinetics of modafinil were demonstrated. The d‐modafinil enantiomer was eliminated at a threefold faster rate than l‐modafinil. Modafinil 200 mg, 400 mg, and 600 mg doses were generally well tolerated. The modafinil 800 mg dose panel was discontinued after 3 days of treatment due to the observation of increased blood pressure and pulse rate. The safety data from this study suggest that the maximum tolerable single daily oral modafinil dose, without titration, may be 600 mg.