Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Children and Adolescents

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Abstract
This is a retrospective study of upper gastrointestinal testinal hemorrhage in 68 children and adolescents who were less than 19 years old. In descending order of frequency, the five most common causes were duodenal ulcers, gastric ulcers, esophagitis, gastritis, and esophageal varices. There was male predominance in all diagnoses except gastric ulcers and gastritis. Signs and symptoms correlated poorly with the source of bleeding. Endoscopy was the most reliable method of identifying the bleeding site. Mortality correlated with the following: (1) initial hematocrit or hemoglobin level of <20% or 85 ml/kg of blood without surgical intervention, (3) failure to identify the source of bleeding, (4) presence of a coagulation disorder, and (5) coexistence of another life-threatening disease.

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