Epithelial Invasion by Escherichia coli Bearing Dr Fimbriae Is Controlled by Nitric Oxide-Regulated Expression of CD55

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Abstract
We previously reported that inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) increases the rate of bacteremia and maternal mortality in pregnant rats with uterine infection by Escherichia coli expressing the Dr fimbria (Dr + ). Epithelial binding and invasion by Dr + E. coli has also been shown to be dependent upon the expression level of the cellular receptor decay-accelerating factor (DAF; CD55). Here, we hypothesize that NO-related severity of infection could be mediated by changes in DAF expression and in the rate of epithelial invasion. The cellular basis of NO effects on epithelial invasion with Dr + E. coli was studied using Ishikawa endometrial carcinoma cells as an in vitro model of the human endometrial epithelium. Initially, we show that Ishikawa cells produce NO and express both NO synthase enzymes, NOS II and NOS III, and DAF protein. We next tested the abilities of both Dr + E. coli and a Dr − E. coli mutant to invade Ishikawa cells, and invasion was seen only with Dr + E. coli . Invasion by Dr + E. coli was decreased by elevated NO production and increased by NO inhibition. Elevated NO production significantly decreased DAF protein and mRNA expression in Ishikawa cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Here, we propose that in vitro invasion of an epithelial cell line is directly related to NO-regulated expression of DAF. The significance of NO-regulated receptor-ligand invasion is that it may represent a novel unrecognized phenomenon of epithelial defense against infection.

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