In vitro gas production: a technique revisited
- 8 January 1997
- journal article
- Published by Wiley in Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition
- Vol. 77 (1-5) , 24-34
- https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.1997.tb00734.x
Abstract
Summary: The stoichiometrical relationship between gas volumes and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production has been exemplified for an in vitro gas test based on the bicarbonate buffer. It is outlined that, even though variation in the molar proportion of acetate, propionate and butyrate will influence gas volumes, quite similar amounts of total carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are required for widely different SCFA patterns (0.748: 0.194: 0.058 or 0.459: 0.462: 0.079 for C2: C3: C4), namely, 2.20–2.34 mg to produce 1 ml of gas. However, the variation in microbial biomass production per mole adenosine triphosphate (ATP) presents a serious limitation for in vitro gas tests, since these tests reflect SCFA production only. As a consequence in vitro gas tests need to be complemented by a quantification of substrate concomitantly truly degraded to avoid selection of a substrate with proportionally higher SCFA production and lower microbial biomass yield. This intrinsic problem of in vitro gas tests was experimentally demonstrated for 61 roughages, where a gravimetric determination of microbial biomass yield showed a highly significant (r = −0.78, p < 0.0001) negative relationship between microbial biomass and gas volumes in vitro when both were related to 100 mg of substrates truly degraded. The relationship was further examined for 35 roughages, being representative of the 61 samples, using incubations with stable isotopie nitrogen (15N). In these studies, 15N incorporation and gas production were significantly (r = −0.78, p < 0.001) inversely related. An in vitro method is proposed which combines gas volume and substrate degradability measurements to estimate microbial yield and these estimations agreed well (r = 0.82, p < 0.0001) with 15N measurements.Zusammenfassung: Die stöchiometrischen Zusammenhänge von Gas ‐und kurzkettiger Fettsäuren ‐ Produktion im Bikarbonat gepufferten in vitro Gastest wurden exemplarisch dargestellt. Es wird gezeigt, daß unterschiedliche molare Anteile von Essig ‐, Propion ‐ und Buttersäure zwar Auswirkungen auf das Gasvolumen haben, die Masse an Kohlen‐, Wasser‐und Sauerstoff, die für 1 ml Gas nötig ist, jedoch für unterschiedliche molare Fettsäurenzusammensetzung (0.748: 0.194: 0.058 oder 0.459: 0.462: 0.079 für C2: C3: C4) mit 2.20 bis 2.34 mg sehr ähnlich ist. Unterschiedliche mikrobielle Biomasse‐Bildung per mol Adenosintriphosphat (ATP) begrenzt jedoch die Aussagefähigkeit des Gastests, da dieser nur die Bildung von kurzkettigen Fettsäuren reflektiert. In vitro Gastests bedürfen der begleitenden Quantifizierung der Menge an wahr abgebauter Substanz, um die Selektion von Substraten zu vermeiden, die eine proportional hohe kurzkettige Fettsäuren‐Produktion aber niedrigere mikrobielle Biomasse‐Bildung aufweisen. Diese Beziehung wurde experimentell für 61 Rauhfuttermittel aufgezeigt. Die gravimetrisch bestimmte mikrobielle Biomasse zeigt, bezogen auf 100 mg wahr abgebaute Substanz, eine hoch negative Beziehung (r = −0.78, p < 0.0001) zwischen diesem Parameter und dem Gasvolumen. Diese Beziehung wurde mit 35 (von den 61) representativen Rauhfuttermittel, unter Anwendung von stabilen Stickstoff ‐ Isotopen (15N) überprüft. Die Untersuchungen zeigten eine signifikante (r = −0.78, p < 0.001) negative Beziehung zwischen 15N Anreicherung und Gasvolumen. Es wird eine in vitro Methode vorgeschlagen, die Messungen von Gasvolumen und Substratabbau vereint und die es ermöglicht, die mikrobielle Biomasse abzuschätzen. Diese Schätzungen wiesen eine gute Übereinstimmung (r = 0.82, p < 0.0001) mit 15N Bestimmungen auf.Keywords
This publication has 16 references indexed in Scilit:
- The need to complementin vitrogas production measurements with residue determinations fromin saccodegradabilities to improve the prediction of voluntary intake of haysAnimal Science, 1997
- Microbial fermentation of cereal grains in vitroAustralian Journal of Agricultural Research, 1994
- A comparison of gas production during incubation with rumen contents in vitro and nylon bag degradability as predictors of the apparent digestibility in vivo and the voluntary intake of haysAnimal Science, 1993
- Comparison of in vitro gas production and nylon bag degradability of roughages in predicting feed intake in cattleAnimal Feed Science and Technology, 1993
- Gravimetric determination of tannins and their correlations with chemical and protein precipitation methodsJournal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1993
- Quantitative ruminant nutrition — a green scienceAustralian Journal of Agricultural Research, 1993
- The estimation of the digestibility and metabolizable energy content of ruminant feedingstuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor in vitroThe Journal of Agricultural Science, 1979
- Generation of ATP during Cytochrome-linked Anaerobic Electron Transport in Propionic Acid BacteriaJournal of General Microbiology, 1973
- Methane FermentationAnnual Review of Microbiology, 1967
- A TWO‐STAGE TECHNIQUE FOR THE IN VITRO DIGESTION OF FORAGE CROPSGrass and Forage Science, 1963