Effects of deep ripping and liming on soil water deficits, sorptivity and penetrometer resistance

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Abstract
A field experiment was conducted at Rutherglen, in north-eastern Victoria, to determine the effects of liming and deep ripping on soil water extraction by wheat, sorptivity of water into the soil profile and soil resistance to a penetrometer. The site was typical of many cropping paddocks in the region. In the unmodified state the top 20 cm of the soil profile was acid (pH 4.80) and there was a dense hardpan between 7.5 and 17.5 cm depth. Deep ripping increased water extraction by wheat by an average of 8 mm during a drought season (1982), but had no effect on water use in a wet season (1983). The major effect of ripping was to increase the water use in winter from below the ripped zone (40 cm) compared with the unripped treatment. Lime, either with or without ripping, had no significant effect on crop water extraction. Sorptivity, a measure of infiltration, was increased by ripping alone and by ripping plus lime. Soil resistance to a penetrometer was reduced by deep ripping; an effect which had persisted at least 30 months after the last ripping operation. Economic wheat yield responses were obtained by using deep ripping and liming to improve soil physical properties at this site.