Animal models of working memory: insights for targeting cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia

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Abstract
Working memory performance is considered to be a core deficit in schizophrenia and the best predictor of social reintegration and propensity for relapse. This cardinal cognitive process is critical for human reasoning and judgment and depends upon the integrity of prefrontal function. Prefrontal dysfunction in schizophrenia has been linked to altered dopaminergic and glutamatergic transmission. However, to date, antipsychotics provide no substantial relief from the debilitating cognitive consequences of this disease. This review examines the key rodent and non-human primate models for elucidating the neural mechanisms of working memory and their neuromodulation. We compare the physiology and pharmacology of working memory between the normal state and experimentally induced models of prefrontal dysfunction and evaluate their relevance for schizophrenia. Rodent models have demonstrated the significance of aberrant dopaminergic and glutamatergic signaling in medial prefrontal cortex for working memory. However, there is some question as to the extent to which rodent tests of working memory tap into the same process that is compromised in schizophrenia. Non-human primates provide an unexcelled model for the study of influences on prefrontal function and working memory due to the high degree of homology between human and non-human primates in the relationship between prefrontal cortex and higher cognitive capacities. Moreover, non-human primate models of prefrontal dysfunction including amphetamine sensitization, subchronic phencyclidine, and neurodevelopmental insult are ideal for the analysis of novel compounds for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia, thereby facilitating the translation between preclinical drug development and clinical trials.