Nectar utilization and pollination by Australian honeyeaters and insects visitingCalothamnus quadrifidus(Myrtaceae)

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Abstract
Nectar availability inCalothamnus quadrifidusflowers was studied at Wongamine Nature Reserve in late spring (November). Despite some overnight depletion by moths and other invertebrates, more nectar was present in flowers at dawn than at the preceding dusk. Significant nectar depletion occurred within a few hours after dawn, mainly due to foraging by two honeyeater species.Lichmera indistinctaandPhylidonyris nigra. Thereafter, nectar availability was maintained at relatively low levels, principally because of foraging by honeyeaters and honey bees.Apis mellifera, that became active during the warmer part of the day. Although individual honeyeaters consumed more nectar than A.mellifera, honey bees were so abundant that their total impact was greater than that of either honeyeater species for much of the day. Transfer ofC. quadrifiduspollen between flowers is necessary in order to achieve a high level of seed set, as the flowers appear to be protandrous. Honeyeaters appeared to be considerably more significant pollen vectors thanA. mellifera.