Cavities formed on liquid surfaces by impinging gaseous jets

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Abstract
Experimental tests of an axisymmetric jet of air impinging on both water and wet cement were performed and analyzed. Since the cavities formed on the water were unsteady and irregular, cavities were formed on wet fast-setting cement and allowed to set with the jet impinging. In this way, detailed measurements of the solidified cavity shape were made and shown to agree well with theory. This correlation of the data with the theory indicates that little gas was entrained in the liquid and that the influence of liquid viscosity and surface tension was small for the experimental conditions tested. A simplified analysis is also presented for an incompressible axisymmetric gas jet impinging normally on a liquid surface. The analysis was effected by combining the following physical conditions and assumptions: (i) the stagnation pressure corresponding to the centreline conditions of the jet at the bottom of the cavity is equal to the hydrostatic pressure, wherein an empirical turbulent jet decay law is used to predict the variation of stagnation pressure with distance from the nozzle; (ii) the force on the liquid is equal to the total change in normal momentum, which is equal to the weight of the displaced liquid; (iii) the shape of the cavity is a paraboloid.

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