The karyotype of Glycine soja and its relationship to that of the soybean, Glycine max.

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Abstract
G. soja, a wild species of Eastern Asia, is the closest relative of the soybean, G. max. Its chromosome number is the same as that of the soybean (2n = 40). The chromosomes are small and difficult to manipulate. The quantitative methods used in studying G. max were employed to determine the genomic structure of G. soja. The investigations included the matching of chromosomes to establish homeologous pairs, the identification of those chromosomes which could be distinguished morphologically and classifying numerically the chromosomes which could be identified individually. An idiogram was prepared of the identifiable chromosomes and a standard karyotype of the whole genome is proposed. The karyotype consisted of 12 metacentric and 8 submetacentric chromosomes. The karyotypes of G. max and of G. soja were compared. The total length of the chromosome complement of G. soja was about 6-7% smaller than that of G. max. The chromosomes of each species were matched with those of the other to determine homeologous pairs; 16 of the 20 in the 2 genomes were morphologically similar. The 4 chromosomes which did correspond morphologically were examined in greater detail. On the basis of lengths and arm ratios, these differences arose from evolutionary changes in the chromosomes of a common ancestor to give rise to those of the present 2 spp. Of the 2 more likely methods of change, deletions in the karotype of the ancestor to bring about the G. soja chromosome configuration was more probable than duplication to develop the G. max karyotype. Details of the changes which may have occurred are given for each chromosome.

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