Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Stimulates Growth Hormone Release from the Anterior Pituitary of Hypothyroid Ratsin Vitro*

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Abstract
The interaction of thyroid hormone and TRH on GH [growth hormone] release from rat pituitary monolayer cultures and perifused rat pituitary fragments was examined. TRH (10-9 and 10-8 M) consistently stimulated the release of TSH and PRL [prolactin], but not GH, in pituitary cell cultures of euthyroid male rats. Basal and TRH-stimulated TSH secretions were significantly increased in cells from thyroidectomized rats cultured in medium supplemented with hypothyroid serum, and a dose-related stimulation of GH release by 10-9-10-8 M TRH was observed. The minimum duration of hypothyroidism required to demonstrate the onset of this GH stimulatory effect of TRH was 4 wk, a period significantly longer than that required to cause intracellular GH depletion, decreased basal secretion of GH, elevated serum TSH, or increased basal secretion of TSH by cultured cells. In vivo T4 [thyroxine] replacement of hypothyroid rats (20 .mu.g/kg, i.p., daily for 4 days) restored serum TSH, intracellular GH, and basal secretion of GH and TSH to normal levels, but suppressed only slightly the stimulatory effect of TRH on GH release. The GH response to TRH was maintained for up to 10 days of T4 replacement. In vitro addition of triiodothyronine (10-6 M) during the 4-day primary culture period significantly stimulated basal GH release, but did not affect the GH response to TRH. A GH stimulatory effect of TRH was also demonstrated in cultured adenohypophyseal cells from rats rendered hypothyroid by oral administration of methimazole for 6 wk. TRH stimulated GH secretion in perifused [3H]leucine-prelabeled anterior pituitary fragments from euthyroid rats. A 15-min pulse of 10-8 M TRH stimulated the release of both immunoprecipitable [3H]rat GH and [3H]rat PRL. The GH release response was markedly enhanced in pituitary fragments from hypothyroid rats, and this enhanced response was significantly suppressed by T4 replacement for 4 days. The PRL response to TRH was enhanced to a lesser extent by thyroidectomy and was not affected by T4 replacement. These data suggest the existence of TRH receptors on somatotrophs which are suppressed by normal amounts of thyroid hormones and may provide an explanation for the TRH-stimulated GH secretion observed clinically in primary hypothyroidism.