Meissner effect in anisotropic superconductors

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Abstract
The Meissner effect in non-s-wave superconductors is studied. In contrast to the isotropic s-wave case, it is shown that even in transverse gauge one must, in general, include contributions from collective modes of the order parameter, in particular the phase mode, in the expression for the screening currents induced in a superconductor by a magnetic field. Expressions for the screening currents applicable to the case of heavy-fermion superconductors are given. Anisotropy of London penetration depth is shown to occur in general for anisotropic superconductors.